Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
In principle, orthoses employing electrically stimulated muscles can be improved by the incorporation of closed-loop control systems to regulate muscle output. One obstacle to attaining acceptable closed-loop control systems is the muscle recruitment characteristic, a memoryless, nonlinear, time-varying relationship between the recruitment modulation stimulus parameter (pulsewidth or amplitude) and the muscle force.
Wilhere et al. (Sun,) studied this question.