An analysis of surface energy during the ablation season on Lemon Creek Glacier, Alaska

The purpose of the present study has been to perform an empirical investigation of the energy transfer at an isothermal, melting snow surface and its relationship to observed meteorological parameters, using more refined instrumentation and methods of observation than were available in earlier, similar investigations by H. U. Sverdrup and C. C. Wallen. The thickness of the surface layer of snow through which absorption of solar radiation occurs is determined from measurements of intensities of visible radiation within the snow. Albedo values for the snow are computed from measurements of incoming and reflected solar radiation over the snow surface. The snow albedo is found to vary with solar altitude and cloudiness as well as with changes in physical characteristics of the snow. When long‐wave radiation is considered along with solar radiation, it is found that during the ablation season, the diurnal net transfer of radiant energy to the melting snowpack is often greater when skies are overcast than when skies are clear. A comparison is made between the radiative energy transfer at the surface of a model glacier in the Juneau Ice Field, and a model glacier in the Alps. It is shown that energy transfer to the snow by rain falling on an isothermal melting snowpack is an insignificant part of the total energy transfer. From measured and calculated values of net energy transfer at the snow surface, energy transfer by radiation, and energy transfer by rain, values of energy transfer by turbulence are determined for a series of selected observation periods. These values are used to calculate exchange coefficients. It is shown that by making a slight modification in the functional expression for heat transfer by turbulence from that used by Sverdrup and Wallén, it is possible to obtain a nearly invariant relationship between the heat transfer by turbulence, windspeed, and the vertical temperature distribution above the surface when an inversion is present. It is found that turbulent transfer of heat is the most important factor in causing ablation on the Lemon Creek Glacier. This turbulent transfer of energy becomes very large during summer storm periods. As a result, the number of warm storms passing over the glacier in a single ablation season can largely determine whether the glacier will end the season with a positive or negative mass budget.