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This paper compares two algorithms for three-dimensional target localization from passive radar measurements. The algorithms use bistatic range measurements from multiple transmitter-receiver pairs to calculate the target position. The algorithms derived are based on the methods known for time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) systems, namely spherical interpolation (SI) and spherical intersection (SX). Both algorithms rely on closed-form equations. A theoretical accuracy analysis of the algorithms is provided. This analysis is verified with Monte-Carlo simulations and a real-life example is presented.
Malanowski et al. (Sun,) studied this question.