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BACKGROUND: Recent outbreaks of severe cases of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) reported in North America, the United Kingdom, and The Netherlands have emphasized the importance of an ongoing epidemiological surveillance of CDAD. OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiology of CDAD over the years 2000-2004 and the rate of nosocomial transmission of C. difficile. DESIGN: Retrospective survey of inpatients with CDAD and molecular characterization of the strains isolated. SETTING: A 760-bed teaching hospital. METHODS: All CDAD cases diagnosed from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2004, were reviewed. A CDAD case was defined as diarrhea in a hospitalized patient who had a stool specimen that tested positive for C. difficile cytotoxin or had a positive toxigenic culture result. CDAD was considered to be severe if a patient fulfilled at least 1 of the following 3 criteria: (1) presence of a fever (defined as temperature higher than 38.5 degrees C), abdominal pain, and leukocyte count greater than 10,000 cells/mm(3); (2) endoscopically or histologically proven pseudomembranous colitis; or (3) complications (defined as death with C. difficile infection as the primary or a contributing cause, toxic megacolon, perforation, toxic shock, and/or colectomy). CDAD was considered community-acquired if the diarrhea occurred in the patient within 72 hours after admission and if the patient had no history of hospitalization in the previous month; otherwise, CDAD was considered healthcare-associated. All the strains isolated were serogrouped and were characterized by toxinotyping and PCR ribotyping. Detection of toxin A, toxin B, and binary toxin was performed by PCR. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-one cases of CDAD were diagnosed; 147 clinical records could be reviewed, and 131 strains were studied. The overall incidence of CDAD was 1.1 cases per 1,000 patients admitted, but incidence rates were higher in 2003-2004, compared with 2000-2002 (P=.017). Diarrhea was community acquired in 28 patients (19%). For patients with healthcare-associated CDAD, transmission of the strain from patient to patient (ie, infection with a strain of the same serogroup and PCR ribotype as the strain isolated from another patient hospitalized in the same ward or in a linked ward in the previous 2 months) was demonstrated in 12 cases (10.1%). Eleven percent of strains were positive for binary toxin. Binary toxin-positive strains were associated with more-severe diarrhea (P=.01) and with a higher case-fatality rate (P=.03). A specific clone of C. difficile (serogroup H, PCR ribotype sa026) accounted for 35 (26.7%) of all the strains isolated, but this clone was found both in healthcare-associated and community-acquired cases. Three strains belonged to toxinotype III, but only 1 was related to the hypervirulent clone involved in recent outbreaks. CONCLUSION: The incidence of CDAD is low in our hospital, and cross-infection is limited. These results also suggest that strains with binary toxin might be more virulent.
Barbut et al. (2007) studied this question.