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An experimental study on a large model flume using fiber-optical instrumentation indicated that the onset of skimming flow is a function of critical depth, chute angle, and step height. Uniform mixture depths that determine the height of chute sidewalls and uniform equivalent clear water depths are described in terms of a roughness Froude number containing unit discharge, chute angle and step height. The spillway length needed to attain uniform flow is expressed as a function of critical depth and chute angle. The flow resistance of stepped spillways is significantly larger than for smooth chutes due to the macro roughness of the steps. The friction factor for uniform aerated flow is of the order of 0.1 for typical gravity dam and embankment dam slopes, whereas the effect of relative roughness is rather small. The energy dissipation characteristics of stepped spillways and the design of training walls are also discussed. The paper aims to focus on significant findings of a research program and develops design guidance to lessen the need for individual physical model studies. A design example is further presented.
Boes et al. (Mon,) studied this question.