January 1, 2001Open Access

High Heart Rate Relates to Clustering of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Screened Cohort.

Q: What is the clinical evidence from this study?

Study design: Cross-Sectional. Population: Cardiovascular risk factors (n=8508). Intervention: Clustering of 3 cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia) vs. 0 risk factors. Primary outcome: High heart rate (≥77 beats/min) (OR 4.582, 95% CI 2.815-7.459).

TITaku InoueOkinawa Churashima Foundation SOSaori OshiroFutaba (Japan)KIKunitoshi IsekiTotal (France)

Key Result

The clustering of three cardiovascular risk factors significantly increased the odds of having a high heart rate compared to having zero risk factors (OR 4.582).

Study Design

Type

Cross-Sectional (n=8,508)

Multicenter

Structured PICO

Is high heart rate associated with a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in a screened cohort?

Population

8,508 subjects (5,299 men, 3,209 women; age range, 18-89 years) from a screened cohort. Exclusions: receiving medication for hypertension or heart disease, no ECG record, or record of arrhythmia.

Intervention

High heart rate (HR ≥ 77 beats/min)

Comparator

Low heart rate (HR < 77 beats/min)

Outcome

Number of cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypertriglyceridemia)surrogate

High heart rate is significantly associated with the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia.

Main Result

Effect estimate: OR 4.582 (95% CI 2.815-7.459)

Limitations

Subjects were not representative of the general population and constituted a generally healthy cohort, which might underestimate the association.
It is not clear which heart rate level should be considered hazardous, as the cut-off was based on mean + 1 SD.
Other social background variables including economic status, education, and access to health information were not examined.

Abstract

Increased heart rate (HR) is a predictor of cardiovascular mortality, so the present study used a screened cohort to investigate whether the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors is associated with increased HR. Individuals who were receiving medication for hypertension or heart disease and those who did not have an ECG record or who had a record of arrhythmia were excluded. In total, 8,508 subjects (5,299 men, 3,209 women; age range, 18-89 years) were studied. Subjects were divided into 2 HR classes using the value of mean HR+ 1 SD as the cut-off point: low HR (HR or = 77 beats/min, n=1,188). For logistic regression analysis, the dependent variable was HR class and the independent variables were the number of risk factors (ie, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypertriglyceridemia each of which was associated positively with HR class by multivariate analysis). The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the number of risk factors were 1.412 (1.216-1.640) for 1 risk factor, 2.800 (2.269-3.455) for 2, and 4.582 (2.815-7.459) for 3. Multivariate regression analyses showed that the number of risk factors from 0 to 3 correlated positively with high HR. HR increased significantly with clustering of risk factors even with low HR (regression coefficient was 1.147, p<0.0001). Modifying the risk factors may lower HR and reduce cardiovascular mortality.

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