Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
AbstractThe historiography of doping has focused primarily on anti-doping efforts that followed in the wake of Knud Enemark Jensen's death in 1960 and culminated in the first Olympic anti-doping tests in 1968. Such focus has often led to the mistaken claim that prior to 1960, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) had not banned doping, and, more importantly, ignores the cultural origins of anti-doping that took hold prior to the Second World War and which shaped the IOC's response to doping following Jensen's demise. By tracing early doping practices through turn-of-the-century horse racing and its concerns over gambling and the interwar efforts to ban doping in Olympic sports through the amateurism code, the authors examine the influences behind the IOC's decision to first ban doping in 1938. More importantly, it roots the post-Jensen anti-doping rhetoric and legislation in the early twentieth-century push to defend amateurism against the perceived nefarious forces of gambling, commercialism, professionalism and totalitarianism that were supposedly overrunning amateur sport in the 1930s.Keywords:: dopingamateurismOlympic GamesKnud Enemark Jensenanti-doping rules Notes 1. For a fuller discussion of Jensen, see CitationMøller, "Knud Enemark Jensen's Death." 2. Ibid. 3. This is still the version of events presented on the World Anti-Doping Agency's website. See WADA, "A Brief History of Anti-Doping." Accessed June 6, 2013. http://www.wada-ama.org/en/about-wada/history/. 4.CitationHunt, Drug Games, ix. 5.CitationWaddington and Smith, Introduction to Drugs in Sport, 8 and 18. 6.CitationDimeo, History of Drug Use in Sport, 96, 99 and 114. 7. Møller, "Knud Enemark Jensen's Death," 465. 8. Dimeo, History of Drug Use in Sport, 103. 9. International Olympic Committee, "The Olympic Charter, 1944," International Olympic Committee Olympic Studies Centre, Quai d'Ouchy, 11001 Lausanne, Switzerland (hereafter cited as IOC Archives).10. International Amateur Athletic Federation, Annual Meeting Minutes, 1928, IOC Archives.11. See CitationGleaves, "Enhancing the Odds."12.CitationGleaves, "Doped Professionals and Clean Amateurs."13. For a more complex treatment of amateurism, see CitationLlewellyn and Gleaves, "Rise of the Shamateur."14.CitationHoberman, Mortal Engines.15.CitationGuttmann, From Ritual to Record.16. Ibid.17.CitationDavenport-Hines, Pursuit of Oblivion.18. Indeed, the vast majority of times doping was used in connection to horse racing and sport and not the general drugging of people, see 'Dope, V1', In Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 1989.19. For a fuller treatment of modern sport, see Guttmann, From Ritual to Record.20. For more on horse racing, see Gleaves, "Enhancing the Odds."21. Ibid. Any specific pages for any of these?22. Ibid.23. Ibid.24. Ibid.25. "'Dope' Evil of the Turf" (New York Times, October 19, 1903).26. Gleaves, "Enhancing the Odds."27. Ibid.28. For the dating and introduction of stimulants to human events, see Hoberman, Mortal Engines.29. Dimeo, History of Drug Use in Sport.30. Ibid.31.CitationBahrke and Yesalis, Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sport and Exercise.32. Hunt, Drug Games, ix.33. "Greatest All Around Athlete That Ever Lived" (Fort Worth Morning Register, July 16, 1899).34. "College Muscle: Uncle Sam Seeks Suitable Diet and Analyzes Foods Consumed by Harvard and Yale Crews" (The Biloxi Daily Herald, April 18, 1900).35. J.C. Burns, "Casting Out Devils" (Women's Physical Development, November 1, 1900).36. "Foot-Ball" (Herald of Gospel Liberty, December 14, 1905).37. "'Doping' of Athletes" (The Times, July 18, 1953).38. "The Use of Stimulants by Athletes" (New York Times, December 1, 1895).39. Eustace White, "Athletes and the Effect of Alcohol" (The State, June 28, 1901), 6.40. Ibid.41. "'Doping' of Athletes" (The Times, July 18, 1953).42. "Brooklyn Prize Fighting" (New York Times, August 28, 1894) and "The Use of Stimulants by Athletes" (New York Times, December 1, 1895).43. "Cyclist Behind Record" (New York Times, December 9, 1903).44. "Seconds of Pugilists Often Win a Battle" (The National Police Gazette, January 2, 1904).45. "Cyclists Ride to Keep Lead" (New York Times, December 10, 1904).46. Hunt, Drug Games, ix.47.CitationDyreson, Making the American Team and CitationLlewellyn, "'Viva L'Italia! Viva L'Italia!'," 89.48. Dimeo, History of Drug Use in Sport, 28.49. Ibid.50.CitationMuller, Pierre De Coubertin, 72.51. Both Hicks and Pietri would capitalize on the pedestrian craze and go on to successful professional running careers, see Llewellyn, "'Viva L'Italia! Viva L'Italia!'."52. For a fuller treatment of Pietri's professional career, see ibid.53.CitationThompson, Tour de France, 190.54. Ibid.55. For a fuller treatment of this thesis, see Davenport-Hines, Pursuit of Oblivion, 61–98.56. For more on the growing commercialism of the Olympics during the interwar period, see CitationBarney, Wenn, and Martyn, Selling the Five Rings.57. Holt makes this point in a recent talk on amateurism, see CitationHolt, "Origins of Amateurism in Victorian Britain."58. 'Summary Report, 1894–1930', Box 77, Folder 'IOC meetings', Avery Brundage Archives, University of Illinois Archives, 901 West Illinois Street, Urbana, Ill, 61801 (hereafter cited as Brundage Archives).59. Gleaves, "Doped Professionals and Clean Amateurs."60. International Amateur Athletic Federation, Annual Meeting Minutes, 1928, Section 17, Report by Mr Genet of France, 'appearance money', IOC Archives, 43.61. Ibid., 39.62. Ibid., 55.63. "Home Sport" (The Straight Times, September 6, 1928).64. Ibid.65. "Parade of Athletes Will Mark Opening of Olympics Today" (New York Times, July 28, 1928).66. "Use of 'Dope'" (The Scotsman, August, 9 1928).67. "Olympic Games" (The Argus, August 9, 1928).68. "Charges Japanese 'Doped' Swimmers" (New York Times, January 14, 1933).69. "Sport Slants" (The Gettysburg Times, January 24, 1933).70. Ibid.71. International Olympic Committee, Meeting of the Executive Committee, Berlin, July 31. 1936, IOC Archives.72. Henri de Baillet-Latour, 'Essay on Amateurism' (undated but probably 1937) Box 44, Folder 'Baillet-Latour Letters', Brundage Archives.73. Ibid.74.CitationFindling and Pelle, Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement, 435.75. International Olympic Committee, Annual Meeting Minutes, IOC Session, Warsaw, June 9, 1937, IOC Archives.76. Ibid.77.CitationKruger, "Role of Sport in German International Politics."78. Albert Berdez to Paul Anspach, October 12, 1937, ID Chemise: 204766 CIO COMMI-ADMIS 1935–1967, IOC Archives.79. Paul Anspach to Albert Berdez, November 6, 1937, ID Chemise: 204766 CIO COMMI-ADMIS 1935–1967, IOC Archives.80. Report, Dr E. Galfre, 1937 'Du Doping', ID Chemise: 204766 CIO COMMI-ADMIS 1935–1967, IOC Archives.81. Ibid.82. Report, undated, 'Rapport Sur le Doping', ID Chemise: 204766 CIO COMMI-ADMIS 1935–1967, IOC Archives.83. Report, 1938, Dott. G. Poggi-Longostrevi, 'Relation sur la Question des 'Excitants'", ID Chemise: 204766 CIO COMMI-ADMIS 1935 a 1967, IOC Archives.84. IOC Archive File: ID Chemise: 204766 CIO COMMI-ADMIS 1935 a 1967, IOC Archive.85. Avery Brundage, Hand written note (undated, likely 1937), Box 77, Folder 'IOC Meeting Minutes', Brundage Archives.86. Olympic Charter, 1946, International Olympic Committee, "Olympic Rules 1946," 28, IOC Archives.87. Hunt, Drug Games.88. Ibid.Additional informationNotes on contributorsJohn GleavesJohn Gleaves is an Assistant Professor at California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA.Matthew LlewellynMatthew Llewellyn is an Assistant Professor at California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA.
Gleaves et al. (Thu,) studied this question.