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Increasing urbanization and industrialization increases the generation of industrial waste in both developed and developing countries. With increased environmental awareness concerning potential hazardous effects, the recycling or utilization of industrial waste by-products have become an attractive alternative to disposal. Several studies have been reported on the utilization of waste materials and by-products such as waste foundry sand (WFS), coal bottom ash (CBA), cement kiln dust (CKD) and wood ash (WA) in making cement-concrete and controlled low-strength material (CLSM). This paper presents an overview of the work published on physical, chemical, and mineralogical composition, mechanical properties such as workability, setting times, compressive, splitting and flexural strength, permeability etc. of concrete and CLSM made with waste foundry sand, coal bottom ash, cement kiln dust and wood ash.
Rafat Siddique (Wed,) studied this question.