Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Valvular Heart Disease

the last half century, clinicians have employed several means to advance our knowledge of the causes and consequences of valvular heart disease. Invasive cardiac catheterization provided valuable information about hemodynamics, 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiography (echo) allowed direct visualization of the valvular apparatus and cardiac chambers, and Doppler echocardiography afforded a noninvasive tool for assessing hemodynamics and disease severity.