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Massive multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system implies the use of a large number of base station (BS) antennas to serve a relatively small number of user terminals (UTs) for extraordinary spectral efficiency. However, its performance is limited by pilot contamination due to unavoidable reuse of pilot sequences from UTs in different cells. In this paper, we analyze the performance of massive MIMO zero-forcing (ZF) systems using the time-shifted pilot scheme, which was known to combat pilot contamination effectively using conjugate beamforming if there is a very large number of antennas. We derive expressions for achievable sum rates and the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios (SINRs) of forward and reverse links if the number of BS antennas is finite. Then, the impact of system parameters, such as cell radius, transmit power, group number (a parameter related to the time-shifted pilot scheme), BS antenna number, etc., on the system performance are revealed. Our model embraces a series of previous works as special cases. Moreover, we compare the performance of conjugate and ZF precoders, from which a simple but effective large-scale fading-based UT scheduling scheme is proposed to enhance the system throughput.
Jin et al. (Tue,) studied this question.