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Abstract This article reveals the role of research and development (R Lu, Citation2002: 21). 4 The sectors included export-related industries, especially, relating to machinery, electrics, light industrial products, textiles and high-tech products (see Lu, Citation2002: 16; Zhang and Felmingham, Citation2001: 83). 5 Generally, the establishment of ETDZs was inspired by the success of the five SEZs, such as Shenzhen and Zhuhai, which were the first areas opened to foreign investors. State-level ETDZs constitute part of China's open-door policies under the supervision of the Ministry of Commerce. HIDZs are the realisation of the so-called Torch Programme, which was initiated by the Ministry of Science and Technology in an attempt to accelerate technology diffusion in China (Ministry of Land and Resources, 2008). 6 According to OECD (Citation2007c: 6), scientists and engineers (S&E) "are those who own senior or medium professional title, or who don't possess such title but hold university degree or diploma. The proportion of S&E to R&D personnel is to some extent the indicator to measure the quality of R&D personnel."
Kim et al. (Thu,) studied this question.