Orally Administered Delphinidin 3-Rutinoside and Cyanidin 3-Rutinoside Are Directly Absorbed in Rats and Humans and Appear in the Blood as the Intact Forms

Four components of black currant anthocyanins (BCA), delphinidin 3-O-beta-rutinoside (D3R), cyanidin 3-O-beta-rutinoside (C3R), delphinidin 3-O-beta-glucoside (D3G), and cyanidin 3-O-beta-glucoside (C3G), were found to be directly absorbed and distributed to the blood and excreted into urine as the glycosylated forms. In a rat study, following oral administration of purified D3R, C3R, and C3G (800 micromol/kg of body weight), the anthocyanins were detected in the plasma and the C(max) values were 580 +/- 410, 850 +/- 120, and 840 +/- 190 nmol/L, respectively, 0.5-2.0 h after administration. In a human study, when a mixture of BCA 6.24 micromol (3.58 mg) consisting of 2.75 micromol (1.68 mg) of D3R, 2.08 micromol (1.24 mg) of C3R, 1.04 micromol (0.488 mg) of D3G, and 0.37 micromol (0.165 mg) of C3G/kg of body weight) was orally ingested by eight volunteers, D3R, C3R, D3G, and C3G were detected in the plasma and urine. The plasma C(max) values were 73.4 +/- 35.0, 46.3 +/- 22.5, 22.7 +/- 12.4, and 5.0 +/- 3.7 nmol/L, respectively, 1.25-1.75 h after intake, and the cumulative excretion of the four compounds in urine in the period 0-8 h after intake was 0.11 +/- 0.05% of the dose ingested. These results indicate that 3-O-beta-rutinosyl anthocyanins were directly absorbed and distributed to the blood.