La production des savoirs entre académies et marché - Une relecture historique du livre : « The New Production of Knowledge », édité par M. Gibbons

The article considers, from an historian's point of view, the book by Gibbons et al. It considers modes 1 and 2 of knowledge production advocated in the book, not as two successive modes which appeared one after the other, but as two analytical categories which represent systems of practices which have been simultaneously present for many centuries. The paper shows that natural philosophers and scientists have often worked in conjunction with the market and the state, and that what is given as mode 1 mainly served to mask that integration and to establish a cultural norm. The demonstration is built from historical examples drawn from the recent historiography.