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We study the origin of high-redshift, compact, quenched spheroids (red nuggets) through the dissipative shrinkage of gaseous discs into compact star-forming systems (blue nuggets). The discs, fed by cold streams, undergo violent disc instability (VDI) that drives gas into the centre (along with mergers). The inflow is dissipative when its timescale is shorter than the star formation timescale. This implies a threshold of 0. 28 in the cold-to-total mass ratio within the disc radius. For the typical gas fraction 0. 5 at z=2, this threshold is traced back to a maximum spin parameter of 0. 05, implying that half the star-forming galaxies contract to blue nuggets, while the rest form extended stellar discs. Thus, the surface density of blue galaxies is expected to be bimodal about 10⁹ Msun/kpc², slightly increasing with mass. Blue nuggets are expected to be rare at low z when the gas fraction is low. The blue nuggets quench to red nuggets by complementary internal and external mechanisms. Internal quenching by a compact bulge, operating as a fast mode and especially at high z, may involve starbursts, stellar and AGN feedback, or Q-quenching. Quenching due to hot-medium haloes above 10^12 Msun provides maintenance and a slower mode at low redshift. These predictions are confirmed in simulations and are consistent with observations at z=0-3.
Dekel et al. (Sat,) studied this question.