Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
The virus infectivity factor (Vif) is a protein encoded by most primate lentiviruses. Recent evidence suggests that HIV-1 Vif reduces the intracellular levels of the host cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G (Apo3G) and inhibits its packaging into virions. These functions of Vif are thought to be species-specific. Accordingly, HIV-1 Vif can target only human Apo3G (hApo3G), whereas, African green monkey simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVagm) Vif can inhibit African green monkey but not human Apo3G. Consistent with this, we found that SIVagm Vif does not affect the stability of exogenously and endogenously expressed hApo3G and does not prevent packaging of exogenous and endogenous hApo3G into SIVagm virions. Nevertheless, SIVagm Vif supported spreading infection of SIVagm virus the human and infectivity of that SIVagm Vif the of that SIVagm Vif is human that SIVagm Vif can inhibit hApo3G its intracellular its packaging into virions. The virus infectivity factor (Vif) is a protein encoded by most primate lentiviruses. Recent evidence suggests that HIV-1 Vif reduces the intracellular levels of the host cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G (Apo3G) and inhibits its packaging into virions. These functions of Vif are thought to be species-specific. Accordingly, HIV-1 Vif can target only human Apo3G (hApo3G), whereas, African green monkey simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVagm) Vif can inhibit African green monkey but not human Apo3G. Consistent with this, we found that SIVagm Vif does not affect the stability of exogenously and endogenously expressed hApo3G and does not prevent packaging of exogenous and endogenous hApo3G into SIVagm virions. Nevertheless, SIVagm Vif supported spreading infection of SIVagm virus the human and infectivity of that SIVagm Vif the of that SIVagm Vif is human that SIVagm Vif can inhibit hApo3G its intracellular its packaging into virions. of primate is of can is evidence that HIV-1 human immunodeficiency virus infectivity simian immunodeficiency African green monkey simian immunodeficiency human immunodeficiency virus infectivity simian immunodeficiency African green monkey simian immunodeficiency and of and of a virus into a host a and by the virus to its APOBEC3G a host factor that inhibits of HIV-1 is a host cytidine deaminase that the of Vif is into and of the of Vif reduces the intracellular of hApo3G and inhibits packaging of the deaminase that Vif African green monkey simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVagm) does not human and does not target hApo3G the of SIVagm Vif is thought to be species-specific. is by the of Vif to with its Apo3G of HIV-1 Vif to hApo3G to be but not to the of the deaminase of Vif to of hApo3G to that the of human and by HIV-1 and SIVagm is by a Apo3G to be of to hApo3G the protein to HIV-1 Vif but to SIVagm be by a of not a of the with to HIV-1 Vif the of hApo3G to SIVagm Vif the that SIVagm is to a spreading infection human evidence that of Vif not be the of SIVagm human and are to be of to the of Vif the of SIVagm human and to its the of SIVagm into found that SIVagm Vif is human and spreading infection of SIVagm the human by the of and HIV-1 the of of a the the of the by The of the the of SIVagm Vif the of the and the and of the of human Apo3G expressed Apo3G by a human Apo3G The with exogenously expressed human and but does not endogenous The is the of and to SIVagm Vif by with to Vif and the of and SIVagm by a by of endogenous a to APOBEC3G to and are and a the of the These the of and and with and The human and the of and of to the of of of of Vif to by a of with and of of a The and to with and and by of intracellular with and with of and a The virus and with of by and virus to to and with the with and by of and of and HIV-1 virus by with of the its by and to and by of of a of by the virus and to by of of SIVagm and HIV-1 of a into the of and with of a to virus the with of a of the and with of and of of the infection by the by the and and the SIVagm and into a of to to of with of virus and the the of with by and a of SIVagm that SIVagm Vif does not human and does not target hApo3G SIVagm human a of SIVagm human of to Vif is that the Apo3G levels to to the of SIVagm to human and primate by the of Apo3G that a of human and primate human and human protein to and by by can be Apo3G human the Apo3G the of the Apo3G the of and SIVagm human we Apo3G levels with found most are of SIVagm and only levels of Apo3G the of Vif the of SIVagm human we a of to its human to that of the to the of of and and the infection of SIVagm levels with to the of levels of hApo3G SIVagm only the evidence that SIVagm Vif be and SIVagm with the of levels of The that of SIVagm is not that levels of hApo3G are not to virus the of is SIVagm and HIV-1 are HIV-1 HIV-1 and SIVagm to with the of SIVagm to is not of a HIV-1 virus SIVagm and HIV-1 to These that SIVagm Vif can target with HIV-1 Vif and of the of SIVagm Vif hApo3G expressed we virus and infectivity a of that by with HIV-1 SIVagm and and by and by to and a with can be of SIVagm Vif the of endogenous hApo3G HIV-1 Vif a of endogenous hApo3G with the the SIVagm the but levels of hApo3G that and and HIV-1 levels of hApo3G and with the that HIV-1 Vif the packaging of hApo3G into HIV-1 Nevertheless, the of Vif with the of the the These that hApo3G expressed is and to the of SIVagm and HIV-1 that SIVagm Vif is to the of hApo3G with HIV-1 infectivity of SIVagm with and and the and the infection of by the the target Vif of the the of the of SIVagm the and a the by and into the to and of SIVagm not the of a of the infection and SIVagm and The to with of is the HIV-1 and the of the host The of to that of is of hApo3G and the only a a by is that to the of virus These evidence that SIVagm Vif can inhibit hApo3G Vif of the SIVagm the the and the and the the and the are The the the of with a the the and the of and Vif of hApo3G but a the of hApo3G the infectivity of we infection virus the of exogenously expressed hApo3G and of Vif protein and SIVagm the of Vif levels of hApo3G and to the of hApo3G the of HIV-1 and SIVagm Vif and the infectivity of of Vif infectivity of SIVagm virus the of human of HIV-1 Vif SIVagm Vif human Apo3G and African green monkey Apo3G the of with and the of Vif and with of and and and and and and The and and The of and with of the and hApo3G and by a to The with a of to HIV-1 and SIVagm Vif by with a SIVagm the of HIV-1 and SIVagm Vif the and the infectivity of the and by infection of with of virus by virus HIV-1 Vif and and virus SIVagm Vif and The infectivity of the to the of HIV-1 Vif a intracellular hApo3G levels and intracellular of hApo3G not with of Vif and HIV-1 Vif the packaging of hApo3G into SIVagm of HIV-1 Vif not and of HIV-1 Vif with a the infectivity of SIVagm and the infectivity of SIVagm to of HIV-1 Vif be by a of hApo3G and to of HIV-1 SIVagm Vif hApo3G and packaging of hApo3G into SIVagm not levels of SIVagm Vif and Nevertheless, SIVagm Vif hApo3G a and virus infectivity to of the with HIV-1 Vif and These the that SIVagm Vif APOBEC3G a that is not the intracellular the of the the of SIVagm Vif is a of protein is to the of the of and of HIV-1 Vif and SIVagm Vif and and to to and and HIV-1 Vif the intracellular and the packaging of Consistent with this, HIV-1 Vif to infectivity SIVagm Vif a of and levels and levels of SIVagm Vif to that HIV-1 Vif hApo3G and with and of SIVagm Vif not the levels of and levels of SIVagm Vif and and the levels of levels of SIVagm infectivity a and These that the of SIVagm Vif to infectivity the of Apo3G is not to hApo3G but can be with The of that SIVagm Vif and HIV-1 Vif are most Apo3G. SIVagm Vif HIV-1 Vif to the of to a but SIVagm Vif of hApo3G into the packaging of hApo3G into HIV-1 SIVagm we of virus that virus to the of the but the Accordingly, the of the virus with the are to the of of SIVagm and HIV-1 HIV-1 into with a and by virus to the of the of the a the of the and a of that the a the by and by to and to a the of a the of SIVagm protein human the of HIV-1 protein to SIVagm virus the of and by virus to the of the of the of and and hApo3G SIVagm SIVagm and HIV-1 and the of hApo3G with and SIVagm only of hApo3G found HIV-1 of the of of the with the and The of the the and These are with and the of the hApo3G into SIVagm and hApo3G into HIV-1 only to of the Apo3G the and and and and that a of hApo3G with the of These that hApo3G is with into and SIVagm SIVagm Vif is to prevent the packaging of to HIV-1 the of the is a host factor that of human and simian target Apo3G is a of the of and can be found a of primate and Apo3G and African green found to inhibit HIV-1 expressed human can be by HIV-1 are to HIV-1 Vif be to the of HIV-1 Vif to with Apo3G that the of HIV-1 Vif with hApo3G its a we and to of hApo3G the of HIV-1 Vif we levels of hApo3G HIV-1 and a of Apo3G packaging into HIV-1 virions. Accordingly, the of a the of hApo3G be the a the of Apo3G by SIVagm SIVagm the human of SIVagm Vif infectivity packaging of the deaminase its intracellular SIVagm with with the HIV-1 virus to a hApo3G levels of SIVagm Vif not of SIVagm Vif endogenous exogenously expressed hApo3G and that the by HIV-1 and SIVagm Vif to Apo3G are These that the levels of Apo3G to Vif only to Vif that SIVagm Vif of the SIVagm by hApo3G the packaging of the deaminase into virions. is evidence that SIVagm Vif the of is that is of the inhibits the of Apo3G the is SIVagm human is we a of Apo3G is that SIVagm Vif is not hApo3G and is Apo3G levels a is supported by expressed hApo3G levels that found and not is by HIV-1 Vif but only by SIVagm to be SIVagm Vif the of Apo3G SIVagm virions. the that the virus is its that SIVagm Vif can inhibit hApo3G the of a spreading of primate is of can is evidence that HIV-1 human immunodeficiency virus infectivity simian immunodeficiency African green monkey simian immunodeficiency human immunodeficiency virus infectivity simian immunodeficiency African green monkey simian immunodeficiency and of and of a virus into a host a and by the virus to its APOBEC3G a host factor that inhibits of HIV-1 is a host cytidine deaminase that the of Vif is into and of the of Vif reduces the intracellular of hApo3G and inhibits packaging of the deaminase that Vif African green monkey simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVagm) does not human and does not target hApo3G the of SIVagm Vif is thought to be species-specific. is by the of Vif to with its Apo3G of HIV-1 Vif to hApo3G to be but not to the of the deaminase of Vif to of hApo3G to that the of human and by HIV-1 and SIVagm is by a Apo3G to be of to hApo3G the protein to HIV-1 Vif but to SIVagm be by a of not a of the with to HIV-1 Vif the of hApo3G to SIVagm Vif the that SIVagm is to a spreading infection human evidence that of Vif not be the of SIVagm human and are to be The of to the of Vif the of SIVagm human 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of with by and a and HIV-1 the of of a the the of the by The of the the of SIVagm Vif the of the and the and of the of human Apo3G expressed Apo3G by a human Apo3G The with exogenously expressed human and but does not endogenous The is the of and to SIVagm Vif by with to Vif and the of and SIVagm by a by of endogenous a to APOBEC3G to and are and a the of the These the of and and with and The human and the of and of to the of of of of Vif to by a of with and of of a The and to with and and by of intracellular with and with of and a The virus and with of by and virus to to and with the with and by of and of and HIV-1 virus by with of the its by and to and by of of a of by the virus and to by of of SIVagm and HIV-1 of a into the of and with of a to virus the with of a of the and with of and of of the infection by the by the and and the SIVagm and into a of to to of with of virus and the the of with by and a of SIVagm that SIVagm Vif does not human and does not target hApo3G SIVagm human 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human Apo3G and African green monkey Apo3G the of with and the of Vif and with of and and and and and and The and and The of and with of the and hApo3G and by a to The with a of to HIV-1 and SIVagm Vif by with a SIVagm the of HIV-1 and SIVagm Vif the and the infectivity of the and by infection of with of virus by virus HIV-1 Vif and and virus SIVagm Vif and The infectivity of the to the of HIV-1 Vif a intracellular hApo3G levels and intracellular of hApo3G not with of Vif and HIV-1 Vif the packaging of hApo3G into SIVagm of HIV-1 Vif not and of HIV-1 Vif with a the infectivity of SIVagm and the infectivity of SIVagm to of HIV-1 Vif be by a of hApo3G and to of HIV-1 SIVagm Vif hApo3G and packaging of hApo3G into SIVagm not levels of SIVagm Vif and Nevertheless, SIVagm Vif hApo3G a and virus infectivity to of the with HIV-1 Vif and These the that SIVagm Vif APOBEC3G a that is not the intracellular the of the the of SIVagm Vif is a of protein is to the of the of and of HIV-1 Vif and SIVagm Vif and and to to and and HIV-1 Vif the intracellular and the packaging of Consistent with this, HIV-1 Vif to infectivity SIVagm Vif a of and levels and levels of SIVagm Vif to that HIV-1 Vif hApo3G and with and of SIVagm Vif not the levels of and levels of SIVagm Vif and and the levels of levels of SIVagm infectivity a and These that the of SIVagm Vif to infectivity the of Apo3G is not to hApo3G but can be with The of that SIVagm Vif and HIV-1 Vif are most Apo3G. 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SIVagm Vif HIV-1 Vif to the of to a HIV-1 but SIVagm Vif of hApo3G into the packaging of hApo3G into HIV-1 SIVagm we of virus that virus to the of the but the Accordingly, the of the virus with the are to the of to SIVagm virus the of and by virus to the of the of the of and and hApo3G SIVagm SIVagm and HIV-1 and the of hApo3G with and SIVagm only of hApo3G found HIV-1 of the of of the with the and The of the the and These are with and the of the hApo3G into SIVagm and hApo3G into HIV-1 only to of the Apo3G the and and and and that a of hApo3G with the of These that hApo3G is with into and SIVagm SIVagm Vif is to prevent the packaging of to HIV-1 the of the is a host factor that of human and simian target Apo3G is a of the of and can be found a of primate and Apo3G and African green found to inhibit HIV-1 expressed human can be by HIV-1 are to HIV-1 Vif be to the of HIV-1 Vif to with Apo3G that the of HIV-1 Vif with hApo3G its a we and to of hApo3G the of HIV-1 Vif we levels of hApo3G HIV-1 and a of Apo3G packaging into HIV-1 virions. Accordingly, the of a the of hApo3G be the a the of Apo3G by SIVagm SIVagm the human of SIVagm Vif infectivity packaging of the deaminase its intracellular SIVagm with with the HIV-1 virus to a hApo3G levels of SIVagm Vif not of SIVagm Vif endogenous exogenously expressed hApo3G and that the by HIV-1 and SIVagm Vif to Apo3G are These that the levels of Apo3G to Vif only to Vif that SIVagm Vif of the SIVagm by hApo3G the packaging of the deaminase into virions. is evidence that SIVagm Vif the of is that is of the inhibits the of Apo3G the is SIVagm human is we a of Apo3G is that SIVagm Vif is not hApo3G and is Apo3G levels a is supported by expressed hApo3G levels that found and not is by HIV-1 Vif but only by SIVagm to be SIVagm Vif the of Apo3G SIVagm virions. the that the virus is its that SIVagm Vif can inhibit hApo3G the of a spreading Apo3G is a host factor that of human and simian target Apo3G is a of the of and can be found a of primate and Apo3G and African green found to inhibit HIV-1 expressed human can be by HIV-1 are to HIV-1 Vif be to the of HIV-1 Vif to with Apo3G Recent that the of HIV-1 Vif with hApo3G its a we and to of hApo3G the of HIV-1 Vif we levels of hApo3G HIV-1 and a of Apo3G packaging into HIV-1 virions. Accordingly, the of a the of hApo3G be the a the of Apo3G by SIVagm SIVagm the human of SIVagm Vif infectivity packaging of the deaminase its intracellular SIVagm with with the HIV-1 virus to a hApo3G levels of SIVagm Vif not of SIVagm Vif endogenous exogenously expressed hApo3G and that the by HIV-1 and SIVagm Vif to Apo3G are These that the levels of Apo3G to Vif only to Vif that SIVagm Vif of the SIVagm by hApo3G the packaging of the deaminase into virions. is evidence that SIVagm Vif the of is that is of the inhibits the of Apo3G the is SIVagm human is we a of Apo3G is that SIVagm Vif is not hApo3G and is Apo3G levels a is supported by expressed hApo3G levels that found and not is by HIV-1 Vif but only by SIVagm to be SIVagm Vif the of Apo3G SIVagm virions. the that the virus is its that SIVagm Vif can inhibit hApo3G the of a spreading and the are to with and and to and the are to the and the the Vif and and the The the of and with with
Takeuchi et al. (Fri,) studied this question.
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