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University students from two nations, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the United States of America (USA), completed Likert-type mobile learning attitude surveys during 2011-12. Analyses based on country of residence, gender and ownership of a smartphone led to the conclusion that all three forms of disaggregation of the data resulted in identifiable differences not likely to have occurred by chance, and of sufficient magnitude to be considered educationally meaningful. Differences due to country of residence and smartphone ownership were moderately large and comparable in magnitude to each other. Both had an effect on mobile learning attitudes larger than gender. Implications of these findings and the need for further research are discussed.
Khaddage et al. (Mon,) studied this question.