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Based on research on out-of-school expertise in workplaces and hobby activities, this commentary attempts to reconceptualize school learning and suggest desirable changes in it. Two topics are discussed in relation to the contributions of this special issue: (a) aspects of research on expert-novice differences and processes of gaining expertise that can be applied to school learning readily and profitably, and (b) situational and individual determinants of expertise differing in levels and types and their implications for learning in basic schooling.
Hatano et al. (Sat,) studied this question.