Enterobactin Protonation and Iron Release:  Structural Characterization of the Salicylate Coordination Shift in Ferric Enterobactin1

The siderophore enterobactin (Ent) is produced by many species of enteric bacteria to mediate iron uptake. This iron scavenger can be reincorporated by the bacteria as the ferric complex Fe(III)(Ent)(3)(-) and is subsequently hydrolyzed by an esterase to facilitate intracellular iron release. Recent literature reports on altered protein recognition and binding of modified enterobactin increase the significance of understanding the structural features and solution chemistry of ferric enterobactin. The structure of the neutral protonated ferric enterobactin complex Fe(III)(H(3)Ent)(0) has been the source of some controversy and confusion in the literature. To demonstrate the proposed change of coordination from the tris-catecholate Fe(III)(Ent)(3)(-) to the tris-salicylate Fe(III)(H(3)Ent)(0) upon protonation, the coordination chemistry of two new model compounds N,N',N''-tris2-(hydroxybenzoyl)carbonylcyclotriseryl trilactone (SERSAM) and N,N',N''-tris2-hydroxy,3-methoxy(benzoyl)carbonylcyclotriseryl trilactone (SER(3M)SAM) was examined in solution and solid state. Both SERSAM and SER(3M)SAM form tris-salicylate ferric complexes with spectroscopic and solution thermodynamic properties (with log beta(110)() values of 39 and 38 respectively) similar to those of Fe(III)(H(3)Ent)(0). The fits of EXAFS spectra of the model ferric complexes and the two forms of ferric enterobactin provided bond distances and disorder factors in the metal coordination sphere for both coordination modes. The protonated Fe(III)(H(3)Ent)(0) complex (d(Fe)(-)(O) = 1.98 A, sigma(2)(stat)(O) = 0.00351(10) A(2)) exhibits a shorter average Fe-O bond length but a much higher static Debye-Waller factor for the first oxygen shell than the catecholate Fe(III)(Ent)(3)(-) complex (d(Fe)(-)(O) = 2.00 A, sigma(2)(stat)(O) = 0.00067(14) A(2)). (1)H NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor the amide bond rotation between the catecholate and salicylate geometries using the gallic complexes of enterobactin: Ga(III)(Ent)(3)(-) and Ga(III)(H(3)Ent)(0). The ferric salicylate complexes display quasi-reversible reduction potentials from -89 to -551 mV (relative to the normal hydrogen electrode NHE) which supports the feasibility of a low pH iron release mechanism facilitated by biological reductants.