Plus ca change: Industrial R&D in the "third industrial revolution"

The structure of industrial R&D has undergone considerable change since 1985, particularly in the United States. But rather than creating an entirely novel system, this restructuring has revived important elements of the industrial research "system" of the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In particular, many of the elements of the "Open Innovation" approach to R&D management are visible in this earlier period. This article surveys the development of industrial R&D in the United States during the postwar period. In addition to emphasizing continuity rather than discontinuity, this discussion of the development of US industrial R&D during the "Third Industrial Revolution" stresses the extent to which industrial R&D in the United States, no less than in other nations, is embedded in a broader institutional context. My discussion also highlights the extent to which its development has been characterized by considerable path dependency. Copyright 2009 , Oxford University Press.