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The way in which one copes with, or defends against, shame has important implications. The Compass of Shame (Nathanson, 1992) is a conceptual model consisting of four shame-coping styles: Attack Self, Withdrawal, Attack Other, and Avoidance. Participants rated the frequency with which they employed each of the shame-coping scripts across eight categories of shameinducing situations as described by Nathanson. The scripts were consistently applied across situations and the ratings were stable over time. A differentiated pattern of correlations was found between the four scripts and several indicators of psychological functioning. Results provide empirical support for Nathanson's Compass of Shame model.
Elison et al. (Sun,) studied this question.