Early- Versus Late-Onset Shock in European Intensive Care Units

We investigated the possible differences in epidemiology, clinical course, management, and outcome between early and late occurrence of shock using data from the Sepsis Occurrence in Acutely Ill Patients Study, a large European multicenter study, which prospectively collected data from all adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients admitted to a participating center within a 2-week period in 2002. Shock was defined as hemodynamic compromise necessitating the administration of vasopressor agents. Early and late shock were defined as onset of shock within the first 2 days in the ICU or later, respectively. Of 3,147 patients, 1,058 (33.6%) had shock at any time, of whom 462 (43.7%) had septic shock. Patients with late shock had a higher incidence of respiratory (87.4 vs. 69.7%, P < 0.001) and hepatic (15.5 vs. 8.7%, P < 0.05) failure, and more often received dopamine (44.7% vs. 34.5%, P < 0.05) and albumin (31.1% vs. 20.3%, P < 0.001) than patients who developed shock early. Intensive care unit and hospital mortality rates were greater in patients who developed shock late, rather than early (52.4% vs. 36.8% and 55.3% vs. 43%, respectively, P < 0.02). In a multivariable analysis, late shock was associated with an independent risk of higher ICU mortality in shock patients (odds ratio, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-4.3, P < 0.001). These observations have important implications in establishing individual prognosis as well as in the design and interpretation of clinical trials.