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Longitudinal studies of the potential effect of high-level competition upon the character formation of youthful competitors in sports cannot be found in the literature of psychology or physical education. In a recent study of age-group swimmers, trends for both boys and girls of ages between 10 and 14 appeared to be so consistent that it becomes possible to engage in more intelligent speculation about the effects of competition upon personality. The data, presented in cross-sectional form, will have to be interpreted with caution because of the highly select sample that they represent. My research interest in the area of athletic personality, motivation, and the possible effects on character formation of competition has developed from extensive clinical experience with problem athletes. During a period of years, athletes from every sport representing every level from age-group competition through high school, college, and professional teams have been referred because of psychological problems. The
Bruce C. Ogilvie (Mon,) studied this question.
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