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Abstract A global and seasonal assessment of regions of the earth with strong climate–vegetation biophysical process (VBP) interactions is provided. The presence of VBP and degree of VBP effects on climate were assessed based on the skill of simulations of observed global precipitation by two general circulation models of the atmosphere coupled to three land models with varying degrees of complexity in VBP representation. The simulated VBP effects on precipitation were estimated to be about 10% of observed precipitation globally and 40% over land; the strongest impacts were in the monsoon regions. Among these, VBP impacts were highest on the West African, South Asian, East Asian, and South American monsoons. The specific characteristics of vegetation–precipitation interactions in northern high latitudes were identified. Different regions had different primary impact season(s) depending on regional climate characteristics and geographical features. The characteristics of VBP effects on surface energy and water balance as well as their interactions were also analyzed. The VBP-induced change in evaporation was the dominant factor in modulating the surface energy and water balance. The land–cloud interaction had substantial effects in the feedback. Meanwhile, the monsoon regions, midlatitudes lands, and high-latitude lands each exhibited quite different characteristics in circulation response to surface heating changes. This study is the first to compare simulations with observations to identify and assess global seasonal mean VBP feedback effects. It is concluded that VBPs are a major component of the global water cycle.
Xue et al. (Tue,) studied this question.