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A series of nonbay region cyano-substituted tetrachloroperylene diimides with tunable LUMO energy levels from -4.21 to -4.64 eV were developed. The excellent linear correlation between LUMO energy levels and the number of cyano groups indicated that the LUMO energy levels could be lowered effectively and predictably by incorporating cyano groups.
Gao et al. (Mon,) studied this question.