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A high-temperature (1900 K) Seebeck coefficient apparatus is described in which small thermal gradients are generated in a sample by light pulses transmitted via light pipes. By employing an analog subtraction circuit, the Seebeck coefficient is displayed directly on an X–Y recorder. This technique presents a convenient, accurate, and rapid method for measuring the Seebeck coefficient in highly doped semiconductors as a function of temperature. The nature of the resulting display (X–Y recording) is a valuable tool in determining validity of the data. A straight line results (i.e., a minimum of hysteresis) only if all potential experimental errors are minimized. Under these conditions, the error of measurements of the Seebeck coefficient is estimated to be less than ±1%.
Wood et al. (Wed,) studied this question.