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The aim of this paper is to propose a framework to guide engineers’ use of LCA tools to optimize three important stages of a product’s life cycle. The three phases are product concept design, manufacturing process and products end of life recycle. A mountain bike has been used as an example to demonstrate how engineers are guided by the proposed framework. The proposed framework does not only lead industry in a sustainable design direction but also guide them to embed sustainable thinking into every stage of a product life cycle based on their existing resources. Some design tools and techniques have been incorporated with life cycle assessment tools to achieve the sustainable optimization of the products.
Liu et al. (Sat,) studied this question.