Nonlinear stability of evaporating/condensing liquid films

We consider horizontal static liquid layers on planar solid boundaries and analyse their instabilities. The layers are either evaporating, when the plates are heated, or condensing, when the plates are cooled. Vapour recoil, thermocapillary, and rupture instabilities are discussed, along with the effects of mass loss (or gain) and non-equilibrium thermodynamic effects. Particular attention is paid to the development of dryout. We derive long-wave evolution equations for the interface shapes that govern the two-dimensional nonlinear stability of the layers subject to the above coupled mechanisms. These equations are analysed and their predictions discussed. Previous theoretical and experimental results are reviewed and compared with the present results. Finally, we discuss limitations of the modelling and extend our derivation to the case of three-dimensional disturbances.