Length of Hospital Stay and Complications After Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

BACKGROUND: Although several studies have established that the complications of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) are related to clinical and angiographic variables such as advanced age and lesion complexity, it is uncertain whether the use of hospital resources after PTCA also depends on the same baseline variables. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors responsible for prolonged hospital stay after PTCA. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study cohort included 591 consecutive patients undergoing conventional balloon angioplasty at nine medical centers in North America. Major or minor complications occurred in 91 patients (15.4%) and were observed to be related to several baseline characteristics, including unstable angina, multivessel coronary artery disease, patient age, and lesion complexity. Compared with a median length of hospital stay of 2.0 days after PTCA (25th, 75th percentiles: 2.0, 4.0) for the entire cohort of patients, the length of stay was increased in patients with unstable angina (3.0 days 2.0, 5.0; P = .002), multivessel coronary artery disease (3.0 2.0, 5.5; P = .001), age > 65 years (3.0 2.0, 5.5; P = .02), complex lesions (3.0 2.0, 6.0; P = .001), and filling defects (6.0 2.0, 11.0; P < .001). The length of stay was more strikingly increased, however, in patients who experienced major or minor PTCA complications, such as emergency bypass surgery (9.0 days 8.0, 18.0; P < .001), Q-wave or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (8.0 6.0, 15.5; P < .001), transfusion unrelated to bypass surgery (8.0 4.0, 12.0; P < .001), or abrupt vessel closure (6.0 3.0, 10.5; P < .001). On stepwise multiple linear regression, PTCA complications appeared to be the strongest predictors of length of hospital stay (all P < .001) and overwhelmed the weaker relation between length of stay and several individual baseline variables. Inclusion of a composite clinical risk score (reflecting the presence of unstable angina, multivessel disease, advanced age, complex lesions, or filling defects) in the regression model confirmed that patients with several high-risk baseline variables had a significant increase in length of stay after PTCA (P = .003), but PTCA complications remained the strongest predictors of length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: Although PTCA complications were correlated with baseline variables such as unstable angina, multivessel disease, advanced age, complex lesions, and filling defects, excess length of stay after PTCA was most strongly influenced by the development of minor and major PTCA complications. Because patients with several baseline risk factors experienced significantly prolonged hospitalizations, improved selection of patients may contribute to reductions in length of stay after PTCA. A greater reduction in resource use after PTCA, however, would be expected from developing new treatments to decrease PTCA complications rather than limiting the access of patients with unstable angina, advanced age, or complex lesions to PTCA.