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The operator algebra of the quantum harmonic oscillator is applied to the description of Gaussian modes of a laser beam. Higher-order modes of the Hermite-Gaussian or the Laguerre-Gaussian form are generated from the fundamental mode by ladder operators. This approach allows the description of both free propagation and refraction by ideal astigmatic lenses. The paraxial optics analog of a coherent state is shown to be a light beam with a displaced beam axis which is refracted by lenses according to geometric optics. The expectation value of the orbital angular momentum of a paraxial beam of light is found to be expressible in terms of a contribution analogous to the angular momentum of the oscillator plus contributions which arise from the ellipticity of the wave fronts and of the light spot. This clarifies the process by which a transfer of orbital angular momentum between a light beam and astigmatic lenses or diaphragms occurs.
Nienhuis et al. (Thu,) studied this question.