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Concepts of differentiation and integration were examined using the “personal striving” goal construct (Emmons, 1986, 1989). Goal differentiation was defined in two ways: (a) as how dissimilar subjects rated their strivings as being (Emmons & King, 1989), and (b) as the amount of non-overlapping variance in subjects' evaluative assessments of their strivings (Donahue, Robins, Roberts & John, 1993).
Sheldon et al. (Sun,) studied this question.
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