Synthesis and characterization of new psoralen derivatives with superior photoreactivity with DNA and RNA

The synthesis of five new psoralen derivatives is described. Three of these, 4'-hydroxymethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen, 4'-methoxymethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen, and 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen hydrochloride, and characterized with respect to their photoreactivity with DNA and RNA. They are found to be greatly superior to 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen, the two commonly used psoralens, in their abilities to saturate the photoreactive sites on DNA and RNA without repeated addition of reagent. A simplified mechanism for the photoreaction of psoralens with nucleic acids is presented and provides a basis for understanding the superior properties of these compounds. The compounds have superior reactivity not only with isolated DNA and RNA but also in viruses and in cells. Psoralens are shown for the first time to cross-link RNA double helices.