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Observations of quiet day ionospheric electric fields from various middle- and low-latitude sources are analyzed by least squares fitting an electrostatic potential function to the data. The fit shows a reasonable amount of mutual consistency between the various data sources, but discrepancies point to the need for further study to delineate the universal time, seasonal, and day-to-day variations. Mapped into the magnetospheric equatorial plane, the electrostatic potential in the inner magnetosphere describes a plasma convection pattern on quiet days substantially different from that associated with a dawn-to-dusk electric field produced by solar wind-magnetosphere interactions.
A. D. Richmond (1976) studied this question.