Theoretical Bases of Communicative Approaches to Second Language Teaching and Testing

Journal Article THEORETICAL BASES OF COMMUNICATIVE APPROACHES TO SECOND LANGUAGE TEACHING AND TESTING Get access MICHAEL CANALE, MICHAEL CANALE The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar MERRILL SWAIN MERRILL SWAIN The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Applied Linguistics, Volume I, Issue 1, Spring 1980, Pages 1–47, https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/I.1.1 Published: 01 March 1980 Article history Received: 01 May 1979 Published: 01 March 1980