Cusp thrombosis after transcatheter aortic valve replacement detected by computed tomography and echocardiography

itself induced immune activation is considered to independently contribute to CVD and may partially explain the higher cardiovascular mortality in this patient group.Moreover, cART via associated dyslipidaemia or insulin resistance may further enhance cardiovascular risk.Therefore, careful selection of antiretroviral drugs as well as cardiovascular risk management is necessary to counter balance the increased cardiovascular morbidity in this patient population and close attention towards multiple complex drug -drug interactions between HIV therapy and commonly used cardiovascular drugs is mandated.With regard to developing countries, dynamic socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors characteristic of an epidemiological transition appear to have positioned the urban community also at risk for traditional CVD.In this context, cardiovascular risk assessment of HIV patients needs to become a critical element of care similar to developed countries.Also, access to first and second line cART with little or no impact on lipid and glucose metabolism will become of importance to reduce CVD in HIV in the future.Conflict of interest: F.