Sex-Related Differences in Mathematics Achievement and Related Factors: A Further Study

Relationships were investigated between mathematics learning, verbal ability, spatial visualization, and eight affective variables. Subjects were 1320 sixth through eighth graders. No sex-related differences over all schools were found for any cognitive variable. Females were significantly less confident of themselves in mathematics, and males stereotyped mathematics as a male domain higher than did females. Results were synthesized with those obtained at the high school level. Significant sex-related differences found in high school areas were not found in the same middle school areas. Where significant differences in achievement were found at both levels, they were accompanied by significant differences in many affective variables.