Dynamics of congestion control and avoidance of two-way traffic in an OSI testbed

An extensive set of measurements were made in an OSI testbed to study the behavior of congestion control and avoidance. Testbed systems used the Connectionless Network Protocol (CLNP) and Transport Protocol Class 4 (TP4), which had been modified to perform the CE-bit 10 congestion avoidance and the "CUTE" 6 congestion recovery algorithms.We found that two-way traffic has dynamics which can significantly decrease fairness among competing connections using congestion avoidance. We present experiments that demonstrate this problem and our analysis of how two-way traffic results in reduced fairness. This analysis led us to develop an effective modification to the congestion avoidance algorithms to maintain fairness with two-way traffic.Our analysis of experimental results also points to undesirable interactions between two-way traffic dynamics and a sending strategy that times data transmissions, by the receipt of acknowledgements. These interactions reinforce burstiness of transmissions. therefore increasing buffering requirements and delay in routers. They may also decrease throughput.