Echocardiographic dimensions in athletes in relation to their training programs

The cardiac dimensions of long-distance runners (LDR), cycle racers (CR), and weight lifters (WL) were determined echocardiographically and were compared with those of control subjects (CS). Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was also assessed from the electrocardiogram. Training information was obtained through a questionnaire. The maximal aerobic performance was assessed on a cycle ergometer. Comparison of the cardiac dimensions revealed that left ventricular mass (LVmass) was significantly increased in LDR and CR as compared to CS. This resulted from thickening of the interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall as well as from enlargement of the left ventricular internal diameter. The existence of LVH was confirmed by electrocardiographic investigation. Although the left ventricular wall was enlarged in WL, their LVmass was not significantly increased as compared with CS. These results are in agreement with the training program followed. Weight lifters almost exclusively performed strength training, while LDR and CR were mainly involved in endurance training. The LDR and CR reached significantly higher maximal aerobic performance levels than WL. The present results suggest a close relationship between the type of cardiac enlargement and the training program followed by the athletes.