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an earlier version of this paper was presented at the 'stateness in Latin america' conference in santiago, chile, march 2012. i'd like to thank (without implicating) participants at the conference and an anonymous reviewer for their comments and Kevin arceneaux for a helpful email exchange. this article is part of the millenium nucleus for the study of stateness and democracy in Latin america, project ns100014, of the ministry of economy and tourism of chile. i would like to thank the financial support of FOndecYt (project 1110565).
Hillel David Soifer (Sun,) studied this question.