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This article analyzes patterns of tolerance among nationalities in the former Yugoslavia. Greater tolerance among urban residents, those from nationally diverse republics, and those with nationally mixed parentage and less tolerance among religious people strongly support the modernization theory of ethnic relations. The association of unemployment with intolerance and outbreaks of violence in areas with greater national diversity support theories of ethnic competition. Factors associated with modernism produce greater tolerance but increase the possibility of ethnic conflict. Humanity's dilemma is how to preserve the benefits of modernism for increased intergroup contact and tolerance while avoiding is potentially tragic implications.
Hodson et al. (Sun,) studied this question.