F2RL3 Methylation as a Biomarker of Current and Lifetime Smoking Exposures

BACKGROUND: Recent genome-wide DNA methylation studies have found a pronounced difference in methylation of the F2RL3 gene (also known as PAR-4) in blood DNA according to smoking exposure. Knowledge on the variation of F2RL3 methylation by various degrees of smoking exposure is still very sparse. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess dose-response relationships of current and lifetime active smoking exposure with F2RL3 methylation. METHODS: In a large population-based study, we quantified blood DNA methylation at F2RL3 for 3,588 participants using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Associations of smoking exposure with methylation intensity were examined by multiple linear regression, controlling for potential confounding factors and paying particular attention to dose-response patterns with respect to current and lifetime smoking exposure as well as time since cessation of smoking. RESULTS: F2RL3 methylation intensity showed a strong association with smoking status (p 20 years) quitters. CONCLUSIONS: F2RL3 methylation is a promising biomarker for both current and long-term past tobacco exposure, and its predictive value for smoking-related diseases warrants further exploration.