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Questions of test fairness are depend-ent upon the specific use of the test. The use of tests with which this paper is concerned is the prediction of a specific criterion. This obviously is only one of many ways in which tests are used, but it is one of the uses which has considerable practical importance where tests are used in selection, placement, or guidance situations. Discussions of test fairness for purposes of prediction are sometimes clouded by questions regarding the etiology of test performance. In the words of Anne Anastasi (1961), A common misuse of psychological tests arises from the confusion of measurement with etiology. No test can eliminate causality. Nor can a test score, however derived, reveal the origin of the behavior it reflects. If certain environmental factors influence behavior, they will also influence those samples of behavior covered by tests. When we use tests to
Robert L. Linn (Fri,) studied this question.