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This design-based research uses handheld computers as cognitive tools to facilitate students' inquiry-based learning on environmental issues — 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) in a Singapore primary school. Using handheld computers throughout a field trip, 79 Primary grade 4 students investigated how wastes are produced and what impact 3Rs can have on protecting the environment. The handheld computers were used to support, guide, and extend student thinking process within and out of classroom. Pre- and post-tests were conducted to examine their awareness and knowledge on 3Rs. Pre and post-surveys were administrated to explore student attitudes and perceptions on the role of the handheld computers in learning. The research results indicated improvements in the students' understanding of the 3Rs and internalization of their understanding through application of the 3Rs concepts. In this study, it was not only the technology affordances but also the way the technologies were used in the context of the learning environment and the associated pedagogy that enabled the handheld computers to serve as cognitive tools.
Chen et al. (Sat,) studied this question.