The CAISO experience of implementing automated remedial action schemes in energy management systems

This paper discusses the CAISO experience of implementing automated Remedial Action Schemes in Energy Management Systems. Some details of the script language used for coding the algorithms are also discussed. These algorithms fall into the general class of condition-detection and action-initiation set of sequences. Remedial Action Schemes are typically applied to solve single and multiple contingency problems. Common RAS classifications are named by the inputs of the scheme that detects system disturbances. These are Event-based, Parameter-based or Response-based. Event-based are direct and partially reduce the event impact. Parameter-based schemes measure variables for which a change confirms the occurrence of a critical event. Response-based schemes monitor system response during disturbances and use a closed-loop process to react to system conditions. The script language is general enough to handle all three classes. The implementation of the closed-loop control in the response-based schemes is achieved by multiple power flows.