Feed-grade amino acid use in the United States: The synergetic inclusion history with linear programming

This review highlights research instrumental in the adoption of feed-grade amino acid inclusion in poultry diets. Attitudes toward industry adoption are discussed by decade, beginning in 1950. Synergies between acceptance of least-cost formulation and feed-grade amino acid use are provided. Early acceptance of feed-grade Met was accomplished with formulation examples and resultant bird performance trials, rather than on amino acid requirement research. However, research reports delineating needs of Thr, Ile, and Val are included, as these reports will aid the nutritionist in meeting minimum needs and establishing shadow prices based on current economics. This is useful for fermentation companies to project potential new markets for the branched-chain amino acids. The need for more practical research with the less limiting amino acids to offer cost savings from aggressive feed-grade amino acid use while maintaining bird performance goals is discussed.