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This paper presents an operational experience with incipient faults: it has been observed that 10 to 15% of cable faults are preceded by incipient faults. Practically all incipient faults become permanent faults in the period between a few seconds to few weeks. Incipient faults occurring in fast successions create considerable over-voltages and induce faults on other feeders. A method has been presented to detect incipient faults in a secure and reliable way. The method is secure by checking consistency of the load before and after the event, checking if the event is a single phase event, and checking for duration and consistency between the superimposed fault component and the ground current. The presented method has been implemented 2 and tested using recorded field cases and on a digital simulator. Simplified variants of the method can be implemented by using programmability and flexibility of modern microprocessor based relays. Recommendations are given as to the trip vs alarm applications of the incipient cable fault detection functions. In many cases tripping on the first incipient fault is a prudent application.
Kasztenny et al. (Tue,) studied this question.