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The Human Development Index (HDI) is designed to provide a development measure competing with GDP, and it has been reformed several times to this end. The 1996 and 1997 reports, however, reveal a severe new flaw in the HDI: the transformation of GDP changes into the index of human development is completely misleading, as higher real per capita GDP often causes lower HDI values, and vice-versa. This transformation is generally highly sensitive to the initial GDP, resulting in chaotic transformation patterns. Relatively marginal modifications to the measurement of HDI could solve this problem.
Lüchters et al. (Sat,) studied this question.