Structure and Molecular Stacking of Anthocyanins—Flower Color Variation

Abstract In 1913 Willstätter made the striking observation that the same pigment can give rise to different colors. Thus, the same pigment, cyanin, is found in the blue cornflower and in the red rose. Willstätter attributed the variety of flower colors to different pH values in solution. Indeed, anthocyanin changes its color with pH; it appears red in acidic, violet in neutral, and blue in basic aqueous solution. Willstätter 's pH‐theory for explaining flower color variation is still to be found in major text books of organic chemistry. Very recently, however, reinvestigation has disclosed that the color variation and stabilization of anthocyanins in aqueous solution could have other causes, namely self‐association, copigmentation and intramolecular sandwich‐type stacking. The stacking would be mainly brought about by intermolecular or intramolecular hydrophobic interaction between aromatic nuclei such as anthocyanidins, flavones and aromatic acids. In addition, hydrogen bonds and charge transfer interactions may also be involved. The most interesting molecular complexes of anthocyanins are the metalloanthocyanins such as commelinin and protocyanin (blue cornflower pigment). These seemingly pure blue complexes each consist of six anthocyanin and six flavone molecules and two metal ions; their molecular weight is nearly 10000. A structure is proposed for commelinin.