Pubertal Timing, Depression, and Externalizing Problems: A Framework, Review, and Examination of Gender Differences

The purpose of this report is to synthesize the existing literature on pubertal timing and (a) depression and (b) externalizing behavior within a theoretical framework of risks, transitions, and psychological development during adolescence. This review first proposes a framework for considering pubertal timing and maladaptive behavior. Next, the literature on pubertal timing and depression is discussed, followed by the literature on pubertal timing and externalizing behavior with fine distinctions being made for males and females. Additionally, mediating and moderating variables are reviewed in an effort to understand mechanisms by which timing of puberty and maladjustment may operate or risk factors that may amplify the detrimental consequences of the pubertal transition. Finally, conclusions and future directions are proposed.