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In this elderly general Eastern German population, we found higher HL score values compared with previous studies using the same questionnaire. HL was associated with socio-economic status. Furthermore, this cross-sectional study could show associations between HL and different health-related outcomes even after adjustment for educational level. However, further research is needed in order to evaluate the impact of HL on health-related outcomes using longitudinal data derived from the general population.
Tiller et al. (Thu,) studied this question.