Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
Seed borne. Survives as a saprophyte in plant debris, soil and on leaf surfaces. Dispersed by aerosols and rain splash. Development of disease symptoms favoured by leaf wetness and cool temperatures (55-77 degrees F/13-25 degrees C). Disease control: Pathogen-free seed and transplants. Resistant and tolerant cultivars. Sanitation, rotation, and drip irrigation to reduce leaf wetness. Some measure of control with bactericides (copper, streptomycin).
Gail M. Preston (2000) studied this question.